How Revolutionary Was The American Revolution - 3081 Words

After the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus, European Nations competed in a race against one another to claim pieces of the new land. Before Columbus found this land, the sea separating the New World from Europe seemed endless, and mundane. The Europeans were only interested in the land to the East. But with the New World as a new hat thrown into the ring, the Europeans tossed aside their old toy to go play with a new one. This time period of conquest over the New World was known as the Age of Exploration, and by the 1700s, they kept their pickings. A New World meant more land to build homes and plant crops, and more money to be earned by buying out new houses and selling new crops grown in foreign soil. Spain claimed†¦show more content†¦These colonists used African Slaves to pick their crops, a trend that would continue into the 1800s. But the Colonies weren’t too far away from their homeland, England. They were closely monitored by the King of Engl and, King George the Third. He would appoint a governor for several of the colonies and issue formal documents stating a colony’s boundaries. When it came to politics, only free land-owning white men would be able to contribute. The votes of Women, Native Americans, Blacks, and the poor were excluded. Around 1754, Britain began to crave more land. This even lead to the English and the French down south fighting in a war known The French and Indian War. It gets its name from the opposing forces in the war, the French, and some Native American allies from the area that decided to ally with the French (though some Native Americans allied with the English as well). The war lasted from 1754 to 1763, and ended with the English victorious, the French being kicked out, and the Native Americans getting nothing despite their help. However, a war doesn’t end without a few inconveniences. Wars cost money, and men. Fighting for so long left the colonists hobbling around in a massive debt, and they needed money to hold them over and ensure their safety. King George of England would provide help to the colonies by passing new laws to keep their society running, but at the cost of tightening his control over the colonies.Show MoreRelatedHow Revolutionary Was The American Revolution? Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pages How Revolutionary was the American Revolution? The American Revolution set the ground work for a major change in the New England colonies. It was a time of significant governmental changes on political and social levels, and a growing ideology on the obedience of a women and the dissolution of slavery. There were many events that led up to the American Revolution. After the British defeated France and the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, Parliament began enforcing colonists to help pay for debtsRead MoreHow Revolutionary Was the American Revolution?1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution would lead one of the greatest countries in the world. A superpower, at the forefront of innovation. It would become an example, a beacon, for freedom, and liberty everywhere. But how much of this was really due to the American Revolution? The American Revolution was truly revolutionary in many ways, including the new ideas of Political Equality of the Classes, Inalienable Rights, and Consent of the Governed. The American Revolution caused the movement of Political EqualityRead MoreThe American Revolution : A Historiographical Introduction846 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, started in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1700s. This war was started in an attempt to end the tension between the American colonies and the British government. After reading the article, â€Å"The American Revolution: A Historiographical Introduction,† provided by The British Library, and â€Å"The Historiography of the American Revolution† by Michael Hattem, I have a better overall understanding of how the history of the AmericanRead More`` Revolutionary Mothers `` By Carol Berkin1194 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Revolutionary Mothers† is a book written by Carol Berkin in 2005. The book mainly focuses women roles throughout the American Upheaval period. The purpose of writing this book was to help the reader to not only understand these roles but also apprehend the social/cultural norms throughout the struggle of America’s Independence period (Berkin 11). Berkin begins with a brief analysis of the cultural and social norms of women during the American Revolution era. Berkin then examines the way this eraRead MoreThe Revolutions That Changed Their Respective Societies1482 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolts. Revolutionaries attempting to overthrow the government. But only a few are called revolutions, because they succeeded in overthrowing their government. In this paper, I will examine the 5 revolutions that we have studied thus far: American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Russian revolutions, and whether they fundamentally changed their respective societies. The revolutionaries promised change that would benefit the people, but when one looks closely, it can be clearly seen that there was littleRead MoreThe American Revolution: A True Revolution Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages The American Revolution, perh aps the most significant event in the history of the United States, was indeed radical enough to be considered a true revolution. One historian stated that, â€Å"The founding generation articulated enduring political questions and provided the structures by which we still conduct our political lives† (Kerber 25) to emphasize the enormous impact that the revolutionaries had on contemporary American society. These questions and structures however do not only pertain to America’sRead MoreAmerican History Website Evaluation Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution Website Evaluation The United States revolution is one of the most iconic events in not just American, but world history. So when performing research on a platform as vast as the internet, proper precautions must be taken. A well designed and thorough web evaluation should be done to ensure the credibility and integrity of the website’s content. Certain Criteria involve who authored the website, when the website was created, when it was last updated, who the website wasRead MoreA Letter to Abigail by John Adams, 897 Words   |  4 Pagesnever know how much it cost the present generation to preserve your freedom. I hope you will make good use of it. If you do not, I shall repent in heaven that ever I took half the pains to preserve it† (The American Revolution, 2014). Although there were dozens of events that led to the revolution, it was freedom from British rule the colonists wanted; however, there would be a high price paid for that freedom. Despite the loss of life and the political and economic damages; the war was necessaryRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Was Truly Revolutionary?1240 Words   |  5 PagesAP U.S History: D.B.Q. American Revolution Prompt: Analyze the extent to which the American Revolutionary War was truly ‘revolutionary?’† The American Revolution, which occurred approximately from 1765 to 1786, is also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence, for good reason. The conflict rose from rising tensions amid the people of Great Britain’s thirteen American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. ClashesRead MoreThe American Revolution1190 Words   |  5 PagesDaughters of the American Revolution was founded with the intent to preserve American history. However what was the rationale behind the need for an organization of this kind? Because the Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) limited its membership to only descendants of participants in the war and created a focus on the importance of ancestry, leads the belief that there were another motivating factor behind an organization of this type. Influencing the founders of the D.A.R. was both the Civil

The Ceo Small Start Up Distillery - 1342 Words

The CEO small start up distillery named La Mancha Distilling co. in the southwest city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, the city known for its home to televisions Series â€Å"Breaking Bad†. Craig Cervantes the CEO of La Mancha Distilling, has filed for, and now has a patent pending for a new type of revolutionary Spirts Aging process. Craig Cervantes has come up with a new revolutionary Patented process that stands to change the whole game of manufacturing Aged Spirts such as Bourbon, Scotch, Whiskey, Rums, Tequilas and Brandys as well as many others that are currently aged in Oak and wooden barrels. Traditionally, Whiskey and Scotches are aged in charred oak barrels in the long aging process that normally takes between 3 to 7 years to passively†¦show more content†¦In a normal oak aging process the amount of surface area of the barrel is stationary and only has a finite amount of the actual oak coming into contact with the Spirts within. In re thinking the process the eureka moment came when instead of putting the spirits inside the barrel basically the barrel is turned inside out and the sprits now surround the Oak. In the process a negative pressure is applied which draws the alcohol into the wood at much higher rate and getting full penetration of the wood to maximize the drawing the flavors from the Oak. Another unique result of this method is that you can do much more of a customization of the actual ending flavor profile. In a traditional method the Charring of the barrel is ordered from the cooper when they have made the barrel. The charring on the inside of the barrel can be altered to end up with a different end result depending on how deep the charring is done. With this new method the wood is made into actual chips which are then â€Å"toasted† for a period of time at a high temperature and it changes the Carmelization profile depending on the extent of the toasting. You can now eliminate certain flavor notes or bring certain flavor notes into a finished product in a much more consistent level than was ever possible in the past. Another thing that can be done during the aging process is to introduce other types of woods in the finished flavor profiles. It can be done using woodsShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Theory: Determinants of Structure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the Objective Here Is to Understand Why Organizations Have the Structure That They1706 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e.g., ship building, aircraft manufacture, furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, peoples skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. Relatively expensive to operate: work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. Flat organization (few levels of hierarchy). Ceo has lowRead MoreExternal Factors Affecting Organizational Structure2194 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish management scholar classified three categories of core-manufacturing technology: âž ¢ Small-batch production   †¢ Used to manufacture a variety of custom, made-to-order goods. †¢ Each item is made somewhat differently to meet a customers specifications by the skills of the workers who work together in small groups. †¢ A print shop is an example of a business that uses small-batch production. †¢ Appropriate structure for this type is decentralized and flexibleRead MoreThe History of Heineken4266 Words   |  18 Pagescompetition begins, with several new breweries competing for the highquality beer market. Heineken must again start making cheaper workmans beers and gets into the business of cafes, hotels, and beer houses to secure purchasers. Brewers take on the role of banks, providing credit and extravagant extra benefits to win over clients. 1870 Due to the Franco-Prussian war, imports of Bavarian beer dry up, causing Heinekens sales to skyrocket. 1873 Heinekens Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij N.V. (Heineken BreweriesRead MoreAchieving Promotional Objectives For Mcdonalds By Charles W. Sheep And Associates4664 Words   |  19 Pageswhere the clients can attempt and appreciate the lager right alongside the fermenting offices. The lager on tap and served by Out Of Bounds Brewing Company representatives. This drinking background makes a greater bond between the clients and the distillery than the bond between a store and a client. Sales Promotion: One business advancement McDonalds uses is the alleged BOGOF: purchase one, get one free . You Buy one Big Mac and get an extra for nothing. With this methodology McDonalds needs to pullRead MoreConclusion on Travel Retail6817 Words   |  28 Pagesbuy duty free items. Duty free shops are also a mainstay in the Akihabara electronic shopping district of Tokyo. In Thailand, the King Power chain has shops where duty-free items are pre-purchased and delivered separately to the airport to be picked up on departure. For certain other purchases, a VAT refund may be claimed at the airport upon departure. In the Philippines, there is one shopping mall called the Duty Free Fiesta Mall, which is located a few miles away from Ninoy Aquino Airport as opposedRead MoreCross Cultural Management Research6745 Words   |  27 Pagesthe business groups, corporate security, human resources, office of the general counsel and various experts to establish company standards and procedures that are continually refreshed and promoted within the Xerox population†(Xerox et al, 2009). CEO Anne Mulcahy takes ethical violations seriously and when investigations are conducted they are carefully conducted. The accomplishment Xerox have faced are limited financial fraud reporting, weeding out managers who try to take advantage of their positionRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesValuation Chapter 18: Earnings Multiples Chapter 19: Book Value Multiples Chapter 20: Revenue and Sector-Specific Multiples Chapter 21: Valuing Financial Service Firms Chapter 22: Valuing Firms with Negative Earnings Chapter 23: Valuing Young and Start-up Firms Chapter 24: Valuing Private Firms Chapter 25: Acquisitions and Takeovers Chapter 26: Valuing Real Estate Chapter 27: Valuing Other Assets Chapter 28: The Option to Delay and Valuation Implications Chapter 29: The Option to Expand and Abandon:Read MoreCost Accounting134556 Words   |  539 PagesThis is an appropriate approach to the problem. Always take a problem to your immediate supervisor first. If the controller indicates that he is aware of the situation and that you should not worry about it, then take the matter up with your controller’s superior. Move up the layers of management until someone is concerned and will deal with the problem. As for the second course of action, the proper authorities should be notified by someone in the company. The local newspaper, however, is not the

Winning the Micro-War Prevention and New Drugs Free Essays

Humans are engaged in a â€Å"micro-war† with bacteria, and we are losing.   Bacteria represent one of the most adaptable organisms on the planet primarily due to their propensity for adopting genetic mutations. As with all evolutionary mechanisms, most mutations are either harmful or neutral; they do not provide a comparative advantage to the mutated organism. We will write a custom essay sample on Winning the Micro-War: Prevention and New Drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Other times, however, a mutation will counteract a new and damaging environmental pressure and the organism will become well-equipped to survive and pass on its genes. This is precisely the problem with antibiotic resistance in bacteria: human antibiotics present a new environmental pressure to the highly-adaptable micro-organisms, and some develop an ability to survive through mutation.   That threat is magnified by the horizontal spreading of resistance through plasmid transfer and replication (â€Å"Extending the Cure†).   To mitigate the threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria, three paths must be pursued: prevention and development of new drugs. Because antibiotic resistance arises primarily as an evolutionary response to environmental pressure, antibiotic resistance can be avoided by minimizing the introduction of antibiotics and using them only when truly needed.   When antibiotics were first introduced, they were seen as a panacea—and rightly so, as they quickly and effectively treated diseases that had previously been deadly and widespread (Lewis, FDA). Unfortunately, however, this enthusiastic adoption of antibiotics has led to a dangerous over-reliance on their use.   For example, many dermatologists not only prescribe antibiotics for mild acne, but they also make the mistake of frequently rotating between antibiotic types.   As the data show on the Essential Biology website, rotation does not decrease the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Essential Biology).    In fact, 10.7% of patients in the resistant group were found to be housing resistant bacteria, as compared to 7.7% in the control group—indicating that antibiotic rotation may actually exacerbate the problem rather than solve it (Essential Biology).   Furthermore, this method may be particularly harmful because it raises the possibility that a colony of bacteria may develop into a so-called â€Å"superbug† by gaining resistant properties against multiple antibiotics (â€Å"Breeding the Superbug†). Conversely, reducing the number of antibiotic prescriptions is effective in limiting the number of antibiotic-resistant strains.   Finnish researchers proved this correlation in a study where they tracked the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria while they reduced their prescriptions of Erythromycin (Essential Biology). As the data in the bar graphs demonstrate, prevention through reduced prescription of antibiotics seems to stem the tide of resistant bacteria: by prescribing fewer antibiotics, doctors were able to more than have the percentage of resistant colonies from a peak of 19.0% in 1993 to a low 8.6% in 1996—a dramatic reversal (Essential Biology). However, preventative measures will only slow down the development of resistance and will not in fact solve the larger problem.   To really gain ground in mitigating the effects of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, researchers will continually need to develop new antibiotics that are capable of killing off resistant strains of bacteria. This is where careful regulation of antibiotics could save lives: if these â€Å"last lines of defense† are prescribed for everyday usage, the effectiveness of a doctor’s arsenal will be reduced and modern medicine may be powerless to stop treatable illnesses from becoming killers (â€Å"Extending the Cure†). If, on the other hand, doctors limit the usage of antibiotics to times when they are truly needed and researchers continue to develop new, more effective antibiotics, we will be able to minimize the ill-effects of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and win the â€Å"micro-war.†Ã‚   Our health depends on it. Works Cited: â€Å"Breeding the Superbug.† Allianz Knowledge Online (Ed. Valdis Wish). Electronic article. http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/health_pandemics/hospi al_infections_mrsa.html. Accessed 3 November 2008. Essential Biology. â€Å"You Decide: What Can We Do About Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria?† Online interactive lab. Pearson Education. http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_essentials_3/47/12139/3107664.cw/index.html. Accessed 3-6 November 2008. â€Å"Extending the Cure: Policy Responses to the Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance.† Executive summary. â€Å"Extending the Cure† online publication. http://www.extendingthecure.org/downloads/ETC_EXSUM.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2008. Lewis, Ricki. â€Å"The Rise of Antibiotic Resistant Infections.† Electronic article. United States Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Fdac/features/795_antibio.html. Accessed 4 November 2008. How to cite Winning the Micro-War: Prevention and New Drugs, Papers

The Anxiety of Elling free essay sample

The Anxiety of Elling Abstract This paper explores the life of Elling and how he is forced to break through his problem with anxiety. His problems, or symptoms, will be compared to the criteria held by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Elling is a fictional character in a Norwegian film with the same title. I have gained better understanding of the disorder, one of which I have, through the study of this character and his behaviors. Within the paper is a summary of the movie and a comparison as to why I believe Elling would be diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, based off of the DSM criteria. The Anxiety of Elling Fear is an emotion that everyone experiences from time to time throughout his or her life. Fear is part of a biological response to danger. This emotion was programmed into each human being eons ago through evolution to alert us to the presence of danger by releasing adrenaline into our bloodstream , triggering the flight-or-fight response, which alerts us to the presence of danger and enhances our chances of survival. Anxiety itself is a chronic fear, which continues even when the direct threat is not present (Pinel, 2007, p. 494). Anxiety is a common occurrence and emotion in everyday life. Yet there are several individuals today who suffer from great pangs of anxiety and feelings of panic at such extremely high levels that it becomes quite debilitating. A normal, everyday environment can become so overwhelming that the day itself can stop dead in its tracks while the sufferer rides through the wave of intense emotions and thoughts which seem to be going a million miles a minute and showing no signs of stopping or slowing down. Anxiety is a normal reaction to a threatening situation and results from an increase in the amount of adrenaline from the sympathetic nervous system. This increased adrenaline speeds the heart and respiration rate, raises blood pressure, and diverts blood flow to the muscles. These physical reactions are appropriate for escaping from danger but when they cause anxiety in many situations throughout the day, they may be detrimental to a normal lifestyle. Anxiety is part of life; everyone feels it to one degree or another during their lives. However, when that feeling of anxiety starts to take over someones life, or is persistent beyond a certain time in our lives (e. g. a speech in class) then a person may have an anxiety disorder. An anxiety disorder is a disorder where feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety are disruptive or cause distortions in behavior, (Coon, 526); they are psychiatric illnesses that are not useful for normal functioning. At times, an underlying illness or disease can cause persistent anxiety. Treatment of the illness or disease will stop the anxiety. Anxiety illnesses affect more than 23 million Americans with about 10 million Americans suffering from the most common, General Anxiety Disorder . (Harvard, 1). Anxiety disorders are characterized by extreme distress, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. There are four common types of anxiety disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic disorder, Phobias, and Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Each disorder is characterized by a set of common symptoms and can be caused by different things. This paper will focus more on Generalized Anxiety Disorder and how it can affect someones daily life. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of a multitude of Anxiety Disorders that affect many people around the world. GAD affects 6. 8 million adults, or 3. 1% of the U. S. population, in any given year. Women are twice as likely to be affected. The disorder comes on gradually and can begin across the life cycle, though the risk is highest between childhood and middle age. Although the exact cause of GAD is unknown, there is evidence that biological factors, family background, and life experiences, particularly stressful ones, play a role. ADAA). An individual suffering from GAD differs from anyone else dealing with natural anxiety due to the chronic and exaggerated worrying that can occur on a daily basis. The worries and anxieties usually are not provoked by anything, and finding the source of the worries is usually quite difficult. They are associated with daily things, such as but not limited to, health, money, family, or work. In the case of Elling, whose last name is never gi ven in the film Elling (2001), anxiety seems to rule every aspect of his life. During the opening credits we learn that the title character was a mommas boy. When she dies he is about 40, and he has to be be forcibly removed from the house by the police. He is taken to a mental institution where he has a roommate named Kjell Bjarne, who is a very large man who is obsessed with food and women , and unfamiliar with personal hygiene. Elling makes up stories, mostly about women, which Kjell Bjarne initially takes as the truth, and when he finds out that they are fiction he asks Elling to continue telling them. Very shortly into the film, and after two years, Elling and Kjell Bjarne are given a small government paid apartment in downtown Oslo. They are put under the occasional care of Frank Asli, a social worker who lets them know that they need to take care of themselves or they will be sent back to the mental institution. This is more easily said than done. Ellings first trip to the grocery store, which is made under extreme duress, is a complete fiasco. Both of them are afraid to answer the phone. Through a friendship born of desperate dependence, the skittish Elling and the boisterous Kjell Bjarne, discover they can not only survive on the outside, they can thrive. As their courage grows, the two find oddball ways to cope with society, striking up the most peculiar friendships in the most unlikely places. For Kjell Bjarne, it is the attention of the pregnant woman living in the apartment above them, and for Elling it is the epiphany of the innate poet within himself that eventually leads him to befriending an elderly man who just so happens to be a famous poet himself. When Kjell Bjarne falls in love, provoking Ellings jealousy, it is his poetry, a secret Elling keeps all to himself, that helps him cope. Far too timid to voice his writings, Elling instead buys several boxes of sauerkraut and tapes his poems to the packages, anonymously signing them â€Å"E†, and then places them back on the supermarket shelves. At the resolution of the film one of Ellings poems had been found and published in the local newspaper. Throughout the film, starting from the very beginning, Ellings neurotic behavior is apparent. When the authorities find him after his mothers death, Elling is hiding in the closet. While in the institution, Elling cant handle talking in group sessions. The two characters ignorance of the ways of the world is almost blissful. When a cashier at the railroad station asks Elling whether he wants a one-way ticket, Elling is confused, asking: â€Å"Are there other ways? What’s the quickest way? †. During his first trip to the supermarket, Elling admits that any time hes ever left the house his two worst enemies show up: dizziness and anxiety. Right outside of the supermarket doors Elling collapses and has even wet himself out of fear. Any time after Elling protests leaving the apartment and even gets irritable when anyone suggests it, coming up with excuses to send his roommate out instead. He also becomes notably irritable when their social worker challenges Elling to do things he isnt comfortable with, such as answering the telephone, which his mother had always done. When the two decide to go to a cafe on their own, breaking boundaries as Frank had told them, Elling walks in a rigid manner, unable to relax in a social setting, but admits to feeling safer with Kjell Bjarne around. He cant even order his own food properly. It is not only social settings that cause Elling to become so anxious. He thinks of all the things that could happen, mostly bad things, such as when Kjell helps the woman from upstairs, Elling automatically assumes her husband will come home and be furious, or the woman will freak out when she wakes up and find the giant Kjell, who doesnt worry about it at all. Once he discovers his latent poetic abilities, Elling even forces himself to go to a poetry meeting where he knows there will be other people, despite worrying the whole time that hell be a target of violence, but a rather vulgar poem by a young man upsets him and he leaves. An older man who had been at the meeting, Alfons, leaves as well and invites Elling out for a drink. Elling refuses at first, but then realizes he should have said yes, and winds up running in to the man again. They walk and talk, and Elling is amazed that he could open up with a complete stranger like that. The two wind up becoming good friends, so much that later Elling becomes worried that Kjell is going to steal his new friends when the Kjell decides to fix up a car for Alfons. According to the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), the following is the criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, which is an Axis I disorder. The person may feel excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least six months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance). The person finds it difficult to control the worry. The anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficult concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, or sleep disturbance. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of an Axis I disorder, e. g. , the anxiety or worry is not about having a Panic Attack (as in Panic Disorder), eing embarrassed in public (as in Social Phobia), being contaminated (as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), being away from home or close relatives (as in Separation Anxiety Disorder), gaining weight (as in Anorexia Nervosa), having multiple physical complaints (as in Somatization Disorder), or having a serious illness (as in Hypochondriasis), and the anxiety and worry do not occur exclusively during Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairm ent in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e. g. , a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e. g. , hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (DSM, 300. 02). In the movie, Elling shows several signs of anxiety, both inside and outside of his home, which he admits to feeling. None of it seems to be connected to drug use in any way, Elling doesnt even drink beer. He worries all of the time about anything that could go wrong, such as being targeted for violence when he ventures outside on his own. This seems to be something hes struggled with for a long time, having never had any friends and only being around his mother, their two-ness, as he called it. How long he has had the anxiety is never specified. When hes in a situation he is uncomfortable with or confronted with something that worries him, he tends to go rigid, or be on edge. Hell become irritable and lash out at people when they challenge what he does or say things that upset him. He always assumes the worst of people and situations. Then there is the dizziness, or light-headedness, when he actually does go outside. He becomes startled by little things, as well, and doesnt know how to deal with them other than go quiet and rigid, or start to shake once hes lost his confidence. These symptoms cause significant distress in most social situations and functioning, even shopping for groceries. His mind tends to go blank when he is confronted with these situations. However, he never seems to lose sleep. For two years he was in the county institution, where he was forced to attend therapy and group sessions, never hinting towards being medicated at any point. He admits that he is crazy, and although he never specifies whether or not it is distressing to himself, he knows it is deviant and that it is not normal. He also knows it is dysfunctional, by not being able to care for himself without someone to hold his hand, or even answer the phone. It does not seem dangerous or harmful in any way, to himself or to others, as he never expressed feeling depressed and the thought of killing someone else, when asked, seemed appalling to him. An actual diagnosis for his neurotic tendencies is never given. Although Elling, by the end of the movie, had learned to open himself up more toward the world and found his calling within it, without further evidence than what the hour-and-thirty-minute-long movie provided, one can only assume Elling suffers from Generalized Anxiety Disorder, if not another form of an anxiety disorder as well. References Coon, D. , Essentials of Psychology, Seventh Edition (1997). Brooks/Cole Publishing, Pacific Grove, California, 526. Harvard Health Letter, (July 1998) v23 i9 p1-2, Chronic Anxiety: How to Stop Living on the Edge. ADAA. (2011). Anxiety disorders association of america. Retrieved from http://www. adaa. org/understanding-anxiety/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad http://helpguide. org/mental/generalized_anxiety_disorder. htm

Open Boat And The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane Essays

Open Boat And The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane Crane's Use of Companionship, Through the Effects of Nature, in The Open Boat and Red Badge of Courage In both of these stories, The Open Boat and The Red Badge of Courage, Stephen Crane uses the theme of companionship. The way in which he uses this theme differs in some ways but are also comparable in both stories. In both stories, it is evident that the men all need each other, both mentally and physically. Without one another, it would be inevitable that each and every one of the characters would not have been able to move on and survive without one another. Another similarity between both stories is that an act of nature is what really brings the men together. Yet, another similarity is the fact that in both stories, the men think of themselves throughout the massive ordeals. In The Open Boat, each man wonders to himself, why me, why now? Similarly, in The Red Badge of Courage, Henry feels compelled to believe that he will run cowardly during battle and try to escape death, of which he was terribly afraid. It is evident that in both cases, there is a moment of self-discovery where all characters are forced to take a step back from all the commotion and gather themselves in order for each of them to survive together. In The Open Boat, the sea storm is the act of nature that draws the men to depend on one another, and in The Red Badge of Courage, the act of nature is a combination of both the squirrel and the dead man against the tree. In both cases, nature has the ultimate ?say? in how the men respond. In The Open Boat, companionship is what allows the men to survive. Without all of the men working together as a team, the small dinghy would have definitely sunk. Had the men not taken turns rowing and sleeping, the fate of those men would have been sealed. Again, it is completely evident that without one another, each of the men would have either gone mad or simply drown. This idea of companionship is comparable in The Red Badge of Courage. In this story, Henry Fleming, who you will be introduced to later, doesn't learn the idea and realize the importance of companionship until he himself goes through change and learns the necessity of being there for one another. Fleming learns the hard way, after realizing that he has shamed himself and what he stands for by running, and knowing all of this, makes up for his actions by putting in that extra effort when it was needed. Some may say ?too little, too late,? but in the long run, Henry proved his worth not only to himself, but to his fellow comrades. Like The Open Boat, the point of both stories is that this companionship means the world to each and every one character and it is evident that survival would not have been possible without it. ?Of all Crane's works The Open Boat is the most direct manifestation of his belief that no man can interpret life without first experiencing it?(Omnibus 420). In Crane's The Open Boat, the morale and simple idea of having someone, a companion, there besides you through it all, is what allows these men to survive. This is exactly the case with this story. The Captain, without the Oiler, Correspondent, and the Cook, and interchangeably, would not be able to survive without one another out at sea. ?It would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of men that was here established on the seas. No one said that it was so. No one mentioned it. However, it dwelt in the boat, and each man felt it warm him. They were a captain, an oiler, a cook , and a correspondent, and they were friends, friends in a more curiously iron-bound degree than may be common?(Maggie 30). The comradeship between these four men was very strong and is what allowed most of them to live. The fate of all of these men lay in the hands of each other and it seems that the men felt assurance in

Luther and Calvin essays

Luther and Calvin essays A Comparison Between Luther and Calvins Beliefs The Reformation began by Martin Luther was sweeping religious mass movement that divided the Christian world and led to the birth of Protestantism. The Protestant movement, however, could not have been kindled to the extent of which it had been if it were not for the teachings of John Calvin. Martin Luther and John Calvin each shared their own Protestant beliefs and philosophies for which many people are thankful. The philosophical attitudes expressed by each of these men had similar attributes and also differing characteristics toward political authority and social order. Luther and Calvin had many similar traits in their philosophies. Calvinism, of course, being derived from Protestantism had many beliefs based on the guidelines that Luther had taught. The connection between the two philosophies was in the basic religious theories that were the foundation of Protestantism under Luther. These religious theories such as the superiority of faith over good works, the Bible as the basis for all Christian teachings, and the universal priesthood of all believers proclaimed much of Luther and Calvins attitudes toward social order. Because Luther and Calvins teachings were similar in the respects before stated, the societies based upon the teachings of these two men were also similar in those respects. Luthers basic religious theories were the similarities between Luther and Calvins attitudes toward social order. There are, however, many differences between Calvin and Luthers views on social order and especially on political authority. Luther believed that in spite God being the sole importance in a mans life one should always be obedient to authority. Luther also feared anarchy and believed that people should accept their place along the hierarchy in the social order. Calvinists, however, were allowed much more disobedience and they ev...

Federal courts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal courts - Assignment Example Sole proprietorships in business have unlimited liability, which means that their owners are normally held responsible personally for the business’ obligations and debts (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). Thus, lenders may seize the personal assets of the owner in order to effect payment for the debts and obligations. The website and the advertisement resulted in an express warranty, indicating that all expenses would include a queen sized bed, three daily meals, and all expenses. The contract was entered into on the basis of mistaken material fact that the hotel was aware of being untrue. Finally, written disclaimers under the UCC require all disclaimers to be displayed conspicuously for them to be held as valid (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). The common law deals with employment contracts, intangible assets, insurance, service, and real estate. On the other hand, UCC deals with transactions involving the sale of goods, contracts, leases, and borrowing money. UCC mainly covers commercial tran sactions carried out between the states in the US and US territories. The court is most likely to apply UCC because offers made by companies cannot be revoked if in writing, especially when common law disallows option contract revocation (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). In addition, whereas contracts under UCC can be modified in the absence of any more consideration, under common law, contracts are only modified with additional consideration. Negligence refers to harm caused to other parties by failing to utilize reasonable care.

Fully discuss the multiple pieces of legislation that led to heated Essay

Fully discuss the multiple pieces of legislation that led to heated arguments in Congress that would ultimately lead to the Civil War - Essay Example Moreover, the southern slave masters established that such a characteristic restraint of the current slavery would magnanimously breach the principle of state rights. Abraham Lincoln emerged the winner in the 1860 presidential elections, devoid of ten of the southern areas voting. His characteristic triumph prompted the seven slave areas to pronounce secessions, resulting into the formation of the coalition states even before Lincoln took up a post. Autonomists in the north rebuffed from recognizing these secessions (Yazawa 19). Additionally, the USA government in Washington refuted the recognition of the possession of forts of the allies, though they lay squarely in the region of the confederacy states. As emphasized by numerous contemporary historians, the characteristic disunions were principally the key cause of the war. However, they argue that among those key causes were additional aspects of states’ rights and economics. Notably, the northern populace was augmenting more hastily than the southern, making it extremely difficult for the south to influence the national government. At the time of the 1860 elections, the intensively agricultural southern states had fewer electoral centres, enabling Lincoln to win the presidential voting without the participation of the southerners (Goldfield, et al. 39). The southerners had much to worry regarding the hasty growth of the manufacturing and populace in the case of the northerners. With the aim of sustaining unity in the USA, the chief politicians had constantly moderated characteristic antagonism to slavery, resulting in massive compromises, for example the Missouri compromise of 1820 (Yazawa 11). As the compromise yielded an aversion of an instant political crisis, it did not completely resolve the issue of slave power. Being a fraction of the compromises of 1820, the fugitive slave edict that required the people from the north to aid the southerners in the reclamation of the fugitive slaves

Chromatic Aberration in a Lens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chromatic Aberration in a Lens - Essay Example This difference between an image formed by a lens and the object in terms of shape, size, color etc. is known as aberration. Now aberration is of two types-monochromatic aberration and chromatic aberration. To understand chromatic aberration the author concentrates on a prism first. A prism splits white light into its seven constituent colors. While violet light suffers maximum deviation and deviates towards the base of the prism while red color suffers the minimum deviation. The refracting angle of a prism is greatest at its center and reduces towards the sides. When white light is incident on the prism, each light is deviated at a different angle and thus they focus at different points on the principal axis. This results in the formation of a blurred and colored image. This defect in image formation is termed as chromatic aberration. Now, a lens is considered to be made up of a number of prisms and hence this prismatic phenomenon of chromatic aberration when shown by the lens is kn own as chromatic aberration in a lens.  Consider a convex lens on which a beam of white light is incident. Dispersion takes place and the white light is split up into its constituent colors and each of the colors is focused at different positions on the axis. This gives a blurry image. A concave lens also shows a similar phenomenon and forms an unclear image. Chromatic aberration in a lens is again of two types-longitudinal and lateral. Longitudinal aberration is the difference between the focal lengths of violet and red color.

Casablanca Social And Political Mores Of Society Film Studies Essay

Casablanca Social And Political Mores Of Society Film Studies Essay The classical film Casablanca (1942) is a romantic story set in the times of World War II and is about two men who were in love with the same woman. Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) owns the most popular nightclub and gambling hideout Ricks Cafà © Americian that is located in Casablanca. During the war many people wanted to escape Europe for America therefore, people who wanted to escape went to Ricks Cafà ©. Ricks cafà © became heaven for the people who wanted to escape looking to buy illegal letters of transit to allow them to escape. Unexpectedly a gorgeous lady, Ilsa Lazlo (Ingrid Bergman) enters the nightclub with her husband Victor Lazlo (Paul Henreid). Ilsa was Ricks true love who had left him when the Nazis conquered Paris. Ilsa wanted her husband to escape to America; however, she wanted to stay behind in Casablanca after renewing her love with Rick. Though, Casablanca did not end in an entirely happy ending because Ilsa has escaped with Victor. The director (Michael Curtiz) uses many elements throughout the film such as: using actors, dialogue, elements of lighting, elements of camera movements, sound, editing and production design to show the audience the understanding of the whole story. The director used different styles throughout the whole film to send an emotional, and political messages implied by the characters action. Actors The director (Michael Curtiz) uses famous stars Rick (Humphrey Bogart) and Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) in the romance film Casablanca. Rick as a mysterious handsome cafà © owner with a love past, set up in the business with his friend Sam (Dooley Wilson) as a piano player. In addition, all the refugees are under Ricks protection which means that he sells illegal documents for the refugees who wants o escape to America. Curtiz makes Ricks cafà © seem very real. In addition, the film focuses on Rick clash between love and virtue: since he must choose between doing the right thing by helping Ilsas husband (Victor Laszlo) escape or his love to her. Also Curtiz chooses Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) to be a beautiful lady who Rick falls in love with, and married to Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid). Ilsas role is basically a lover and a help a great man (Victor). The movie is a metaphor for American involvement in World War II. Curtiz makes the dialogue very touching and ironically funny. Movement Casablanca obviously prefers closed formal compositions as opposed to open one, and opening framings play a famous role in the visual design and staging of shots (visual design refers to the static organization within shots while visual staging refers to organizational shifts within shots). I will speak about the scene where Rick had his Paris flashback and waiting for Ilsa to show up after she arrived to Casablanca. The shot demonstrated to the audience how the camera was moving from right to left movements from Ricks face to his hand which tips the glass. Moreover, the second shot shows the audience the camera movement that was following Sam the piano player walking on the right towards Rick leaving space between both Sam and Rick and the door was showing in the background. This shot sets up the audience for the approaching scene where Ilsa will enter unexpectedly from the door in the background. After that, Ricks grabs the alcohol bottle so he can pour a drink for himself; by doin g that it showed a clear view of Ilsas entrance. This scene provides attention towards Ilsas entrance. When Ilsa is about to enter the cafe both Rick and Sam immediately turned their heads towards the door, the lights where darkened before Ilsas entrance; and when Ilsa does enter, the lighting of the room is back and it highlights that Ilsa is framed by background door. In this scene there were many pauses on some parts to show the importance of the character or information such as the faces, hands, body movements and eyes. Therefore, by doing the pauses they will grab the attention of the audience towards the specific shot. According to Louis Giannetti, movements that are from right to left physical movement in this direction seems natural however, movements from left to right seems mysteriously tense and uncomfortable. (Giannetti, 2010). Sound As well, the major musical pattern which is the song that Ilsa asked Sam the piano player to play her and Ricks song As Times Goes By. The song showed the audience the love and romance between Ilsa and Rick. The music appeared again when Rick was lost in his sad memories, in the flash back sequence in Paris. By playing the song it will bring to the audience an emotional atmosphere. According Louis Giannetti in Understanding Movies, music merged with lyrics, music acquires a more real content because words have specific references to the film. With or without lyrics, music can be more specific when contrast with film images. (Giannetti, 2010). In Casablanca, while playing the music in Ricks flashback it showed the audience the love between both Rick and Ilsa. Furthermore, according to Louis Giannetti, loud sounds tend to be threatening and intense; however, quiet sounds strike as delicate, hesitant, and often weak. (Giannetti, 2010). Moreover, when Rick remembers the time he spent in Paris with Ilsa, when they were in the car driving or drinking wine together there was a soft music playing in the background which showed the audience that it is a romantic and happy scene. Also, when the German war planes were overhead, the tanks rolling down the road towards Paris and the German troops crossing the river the music that was playing in the background was loud which illustrated to the audience that there is danger. When Rick was going o take the train from Paris there was the sound of heavy rain at the station, and when the conductor says All aboard, last train leaving in three minutes this demonstrates to the audience a very anxious and nervous scene to whether Ilsa will be showing up or not. After remising there was a freeze shot where no music was played and suddenly music was played when Ilsa came in this illustrated that this is when something will unexpectedly happen. Lighting Moreover, Casablanca shows many techniques of film noir, mainly with the use of shadows and lighting throughout the film. The effect of lighting in Ricks Flashback to Paris is the only bright sequences in the whole film that helps the audience to understand the happiness of Rick and Ilsa when they were in Paris. Rick is sitting, drunk and in a total dark room remembering the good times he had with Ilsa in Paris. The sudden change from dark to light illustrates to the audience the comparison of how Rick was happy in Paris and unhappy now. The final scene in Paris, where Rick is waiting under the rain for the train, the cloudy gloomy clouds and dimmed lighting on the scene indicates that Ilsa will not be showing up. It tracks the set up pattern of the light scenes are the pleased and joyful and the dark scene are sad and misery. In addition, the logo in Paris cafà ©, a shadow on a white background, this shows the whole scene a bright and happy tone. This illustrates for the audience t he mood and purpose of the flashback. Moreover, the name of the cafà © La Belle Aurore which indicates the meaning of the beautiful sunrise; this is another point of the good times they have experienced in Paris. On the other hand, the logo for Ricks Cafà © Ricks Cafà © Americian, has white letters on a dark background which shows the differences between both cafes. This use of lighting demonstrates the happiness in Paris and the sadness in Casablanca. Furthermore, in Casablanca Ricks face is glowing through the whole film; however in one scene his face was not glowing (this shows that the shadows on Ricks face demonstrates the loss of the power). This scene is when Rick was drunk waiting for his love Ilsa in his cafà ©. This point out that Rick has lost all the power and that Ilsa holds significant influence on him. According to Louis Giannetti in Understanding Movies, the use of light and shadows creates mood and emotional impacts on films. While using spotlights, which are hi ghly selective in their focus and intensity, the director can guide the audiences eyes to any place of the scene. There are various different styles of lighting, usually is designed as a lighting key, the style is connected to the theme and mood of the film, as well as its type. Tragedies and melodramas films are usually lit in high contrast, with harsh shafts of lights and dramatic streaks of blackness such as Casablanca. In general, films have darkness suggests fear, evil, and the unknown. On the other hand, lightness suggests truth, joy, and security. (Giannetti, 2010) Dialogue In addition, the dialogue of this scene is very touching to the audience. After the Cafà © has closed and streets are empty, Rick is depressed sitting in a dark room while smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol heavily. Ricks face is completely unreadable. Sam feels that Rick is troubled and says to Rick Boss go home to bed. Rick stubbornly tells Sam that he is waiting for a lady Rick is expecting Ilsa to come back to him. Shes coming back; I know she is coming back. This shows the desperation and the bad mood Rick is feeling. Then Sam again feels that Rick is trouble and suggests that they should take the car, get drunk and drive all night or stay away until Ilsa is gone so Rick can avoid seeing Ilsa. This shows that Sam is worried about Rick. Before Rick starts to reminisce about the good memories both of them had, he then pound his fist down on the table and says out of all the cafes in town she has to walk in mine. Then Rick raises his head, trying to get his control and power back Rick madly orders Sam to repeat the song he played for Ilsa As Time Goes By: Rick: What is that your playing? Sam: Oh, just a little something on my own Rick: Well, stop it! You know what I want to hear Sam: No, I do not Rick: You played it for her; you can play it for me Sam: Well, I do not think I can remember Rick: If she can stand it, I can. Play it! While hearing As Time Goes By, the camera blurs into a dissolve from his face into a flashback- it takes Rick back to happier moments with the romance he had with Ilsa in Paris. Ricks remembers the past to oppose the explanation that Ilsa will tell Rick of her disloyalty in Paris. Rick feels rejected because of his true feeling for Ilsa and Ilsa leaving him in Paris without any explanation. At the end of Ricks remembering, the camera pans from left to right, locating Rick drunk. The camera relocates Rick on the left when unexpectedly the door of the cafà © opens. Ilsa appeared wearing a scarf and a white coat. As Rick expected, Ilsa has come back to him, but she gets up Ricks angry feelings by telling him that she would not have came to Casablanca if she had known he was here. Ilsa tries to talk to Rick but he refuses to hear the explanation she has. Rick hesitates in talking: Rick: Why did you have to come to Casablanca? There are other places. (This showed the audience how miserable he is when he found his true love with another man). Ilsa: I would not have come if I had known that you were here. Believe me, Rick, it is true. I did not know. Rick: it is funny about your voice, how it has not changed. I can still hear it. Richard dear, I will go with you any place. We will get on a train together and never stops. (Rick saying this to Ilsa shows that he is being sarcastic and he is hurt). Ilsa: Please do not. Do not Rick! I can understand how you feel. Rick: Huh! You understand how I feel. How long was it we had, honey? Ilsa: I did not count the days. Rick: Well I did. Every one of them mostly, I remember the last one the wow finish. A guy standing on a station platform, in the rain with a comical look on his face, because his insides had been kicked out. After completing the conversation, Ilsa tries to continue explaining her past story, with tears in her eyes, the reason for keeping her secret from him earlier. But Ricks rude sarcasm and irritation stops Ilsa from continuing her explanation. Editing Furthermore, editing is a very important technique to any film. Editing is used expansively and is more stressed than other film techniques such as panning or dolly shots, angels, light, mise en scene and tracking. Editing is not only important for the storyline of the film but it is significant in the sense that it allows for the engaging of several types like action, romance, and history. Through the use of cuts, the director can show numerous coincident scenes at ones that represent a different genre. According Louis Giannetti in Understanding Movies, editing is and artistic and narrative process by which scenes shot for a film are put together to create a logical visual and a narrative form. One of the most important elements about editing is that it removes the unnecessary time and space in the film. With the connection of ideas, editing associates one shot with another or one scene with another. (Giannetti, 2010) Production Design The main point of a film is that it tells the audience the story. All the films are based around a plot or storyline that includes many scenes and sequences all of which it contributes to the overall story. The use of the camera and editing is an important element of moving the image language. The director uses basic elements to get their point to audience, such as: the dialogue sequences that occur by a series of shots from one actor to another, the sequences of the scenes that will point out their point in the film. The lighting of the film can show who, where and what is important. The music can illustrate the importance of the scene. They can also point out their point to the audience by illustrating it as a story such as Casablanca the director used a storytelling technique. The director raises the some types of questions that would be asked of any manuscript document- questions about its information content, its background context, and its historical influence. Also, demands of the close reflection of camera angle, lighting, shot composition, editing and the ways in which each of these and other elements of visual language add slight patterns of understanding. If not a frame-by-frame or shot-by-shot analysis, surely a scene-by-scene or sequence-by-sequence breakdown is essential for understanding the order of images and how they may play on one another and interact with whatever soundtrack there may be. (OConnor, 1988) Sum Up To sum up, lighting, movements, sound, actors, dialogue, and editing are very essential in a film. Therefore, these elements help to provide a vivid image in the audiences head, to point out their main issue across the film, and to emphasis the important parts throughout the whole film. The director should know all of the types of elements to make sure he/she uses the correct element added in the film. If the director uses the wrong element in the film he/she may be sending a wrong message or picture to the audience. Argument of Films Reflecting the Political and Social Mores of Society at the Time of Creation Some historians argue that films reflect the political and social mores of society at the time of creation and some say otherwise. This question is arguable because it can either be that the film reflects the political and social more of the society or the society drives the entertainment. However, social and political issues can affect films and films can affect the society. Any film can be based on a political issue or a social issue that is happing in the world for example, like financial crisis there has been many films made about it or based on a history of the famous piano player Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri in Amadeus. Films can be based on a social issue that has to do with under age prostitutes, buying illegal guns such as Taxi Driver; this kind of social issue can be seen in the world. Films can do what books cannot do: provide the audience with a story, as well as an image to back up the story. Watching a film or a commercial is a very inactive activity, allowing the audience to sit, stare and absorb everything that is presented in the screen. Films can symbolize a powerful element that can spread the ideas in a quicker form. Film-makers often manipulate their audience into believing that what they are seeing is the truth. Some film makers can also twist the truth in the film. By using a variety of techniques in their film, an audiences feeling towards one subject or another can change after watching the film. While watching the film no matter what their political or social views, their views can be changed towards the end of the movie. This kind of reaction to the audience is because of the lighting, camera movements angles and overall screen play on the film. Films can affect society in various ways. For instance, many films can affect the audiences attitudes an d morals like horror and violent films in some cases the film makes the audience act out the way they see it in the film. The audiences can start acting violent and aggressive and by doing that they will affect the society as a whole. Moreover, war films often have big bodily fit men as sergeants and most of time they would be smoking cigarettes when showed in films. Many people started buying cigarettes to be like those men this also affects the society. According to The Journal of Marketing, the president of the California state senate recently held a hearing on the issue because he believes that screen smoking does have an impact on young people and he wants the industry to respond to this problem. (Pechmann Shih, 1999). This example shows the audience that films do affect the society and the industry. Drug films also teach the audiences that doing drugs makes the audience look cool or selling drugs can make you rich. Romance films show the audience that everything ends happily when in reality not everything ends happily. Those examples changes the way the audience sees things and changes in their beliefs, perspectives and values which also affects the society. Films are cultural works of art that are formed by cultures, which reflect those cultures. Films are considered to be a vital art form, a source of popular entertainment and an influential method of educating of teaching the audience. According to the book History in Images/ Images in History: Reflections on the Importance of Film and Television Study for an Understanding of the Past, what films hides in the cinematic gift are the moral narratives needed to maintain the society that produces and supports these stories in films in the first place. Film packages this social gift in alluring visual images, economic clarification, romantic myths, political explanations, emotional validation, and convincing religious and legal value systems. The generis narratives that characterize much of the current cinema are intended to be traditional are designed to generate a sense that the audience has moral responsibility to head the warning of the film. The advice which comprises the cinematic gi ft is concerned with how to be recognized and how to function as a proper individual in the particular society that offers the film. The audience is exposed to socially excused instructions about how the society and individuals should ideally function. If the film gives the audience social misinformation understood in terms of entertaining story, the audience must, according to the laws of reciprocity give it back a promise to maintain the type of society that will continue to create and support stories. Some audiences see life as if it were just like in the movies, films that are created and controlled by a small number of audiences who maintain a limited vision of the social as well as the individual body. (Mascia-Lees Sharpe, 1992). Since 1930s, films have become major factors in politics and the culture. Film and culture implement an overly simple, reflective model of the film-culture. The issue demands some understanding of theory and recognition of the need to understand a film as one part of a much larger, complex and ever-changing culture. Understanding a film as artifact needs a consideration of its production background, the difficult joint process involved in its creation, and the political or other reasons a film may be meant to serve. Based on the acknowledgment that the audience may read in a single film differently, attention has focused on the ways in which class, gender, and political associations influence the understanding of a films signs and symbols. Film makers should draw awareness to equally vital differences in the meaning films hold for people in various cultures or other eras. Film makers should ask themselves if the films current at the time, social or culture influences that may have le aning the audiences at some specific place and time in the past to react to a film in one way or another. (OConnor, 1988). Conclusion In other words, this is a debatable issue; research could not come to an answer, whether films reflect the political and social mores of society at the time of its creation due to the fact that it depends on each societys value and priority. However, film has a huge influence on forming our thinking or it sometimes reflects real life, the issue is important. Society can drive the entertainment industry. Social and political mores of society can affect films which create a film within a specific moral, social or political, for example, Casablanca it is driven by the society with a political issue since it was set at the time of War World II and the film was about the refugees trying to escape to America.

Equal Opportunities for Disabled Americans :: Research Papers

Equal Opportunities for Disabled Americans Life for the disabled can be difficult physically, emotionally, and financially. Donley Jones talked about his hardships as a disabled American worker in a personal interview on November 25, 2004. However, there have been several legislative changes in the United States, which have put forth the opportunities that many poverty and lower level families have needed to move to higher grounds financially. Cleaver states that there have been many laws and acts put forth by congress to make this move easier for disabled Americans. Donley, a 37 year old janitor at the Johnson City Mall, is legally blind. Donley talks of the prejudices that left him and his family in poverty. He talks of his struggle to provide for his family and how hard it was to get out of poverty. Donley remembers not knowing how he would ever be able to provide opportunities for his children, such as putting them through college, with his income. Donley tells of how he believes the government had a lot to do with his ab ility to move his family out of poverty. The Disabilities Discrimination act of 1995 came into effect on December 2, 1996 (Lockwood 1). Lockwood tells of how this act provided equal opportunities in the work force for disabled Americans . The Act states that to be covered under the act, a person must have a physical or mental impairment, such as but not limited to loss of eyesight, which lasts at least one year (Lockwood 2). Lockwood’s article also states that the impairment must burden daily activities or put the person in risks of danger The law states that the employer may be required to make certain adjustments for disabled people to be employed. Lockwood stresses how important it is for employers not to discriminate against disabled workers. The employer will be committing discrimination, says Lock wood, if he or she refuses to hire treats a disabled person different than the way he or she would treat a person with out a disability. Section 6 of the Act states that an employer must make necessary changes to the work place (Lockwood 2). According to Lockwood these changes must make give disabled employees the same advantages they would have if they were not disabled. If a person feels they are being discriminated against they can file a lawsuit (Lockwood 5). Lockwood tells of several of the lawsuits have been filed since the act since the act took effect.

Dynamometer

The wattmeter is an electrodynamic instrument for measuring the electric power or the supply rate of electrical energy of any given circuit. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil. The current coils are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is connected in parallel. Also, on analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A current flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that flows through it. The result of this arrangement is that on a dc circuit, the deflection of the needle is proportional to both the current and the voltage, thus conforming to the equation W=VA or P=EI. On an ac circuit the deflection is proportional to the average instantaneous product of voltage and current, thus measuring true power, and possibly (depending on load characteristics) showing a different reading to that obtained by simply multiplying the readings showing on a stand-alone voltmeter and a stand-alone ammeter in the same circuit. The two circuits of a wattmeter are likely to be damaged by excessive current. The ammeter and voltmeter are both vulnerable to overheating – in case of an overload, their pointers will be driven off scale – but in the wattmeter, either or even both the current and potential circuits can overheat without the pointer approaching the end of the scale! This is because the position of the pointer depends on the power factor, voltage and current. Thus, a circuit with a low power factor will give a low reading on the wattmeter, even when both of its circuits are loaded to the maximum safety limit. Therefore, a wattmeter is rated not only in watts, but also in volts and amperes. Retrieved from â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wattmeter† (A dynamometer consists of an absorption (or absorber/driver) unit, and usually includes a means for measuring torque and rotational speed. An absorption unit consists of some type of rotor in a housing. The rotor is coupled to the engine or other equipment under test and is free to rotate at whatever speed is required for the test. Some means is provided to develop a braking torque between dynamometer's rotor and housing. The means for developing torque can be frictional, hydraulic, electromagnetic etc. according to the type of absorption/driver unit. One means for measuring torque is to mount the dynamometer housing so that is free to turn except that it is restrained by a torque arm. The housing can be made free to rotate by using trunnions connected to each end of the housing to support the dyno in pedestal mounted trunnion bearings. The torque arm is connected to the dyno housing and a weighing scales is positioned so that it measures the force exerted by the dyno housing in attempting to rotate. The torque is the force indicated by the scales multiplied by the length of the torque arm measured from the center of the dynamometer. A load cell transducer can be substituted for the scales in order to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to torque. Another means for measuring torque is to connect the engine to the dynamometer through a torque sensing coupling or torque transducer. A torque transducer provides an electrical signal that is proportional to torque. With electrical absorption units, it is possible to determine torque by measuring the current drawn (or generated) by the absorber/driver. This is generally a less accurate method, but it may be adequate for some purposes. A wide variety of tachometers are available for measuring speed. Some types can provide an electrical signal that is proportional to speed. When torque and speed signals are available, test data can be transmitted to a data acquisition system rather than being recorded manually. Speed and torque signals can also be recorded by a chart recorder or plotter. ) Power in an electric circuit is the product (multiplication) of voltage and current, so any meter designed to measure power must account for both of these variables. A special meter movement designed especially for power measurement is called the dynamometer movement, and is similar to a D'Arsonval or Weston movement in that a lightweight coil of wire is attached to the pointer mechanism. However, unlike the D'Arsonval or Weston movement, another (stationary) coil is used instead of a permanent magnet to provide the magnetic field for the moving coil to react against. The moving coil is generally energized by the voltage in the circuit, while the stationary coil is generally energized by the current in the circuit. A dynamometer movement connected in a circuit looks something like this: [pic] The top (horizontal) coil of wire measures load current while the bottom (vertical) coil measures load voltage. Just like the lightweight moving coils of voltmeter movements, the (moving) voltage coil of a dynamometer is typically connected in series with a range resistor so that full load voltage is not applied to it. Likewise, the (stationary) current coil of a dynamometer may have precision shunt resistors to divide the load current around it. With custom-built dynamometer movements, shunt resistors are less likely to be needed because the stationary coil can be constructed with as heavy of wire as needed without impacting meter response, unlike the moving coil which must be constructed of lightweight wire for minimum inertia.

When Family Isnt Supportive

When Family Isnt Supportive I received a heart-breaking Facebook message from a 15-year-old young man who asked me how to get his writing accepted. When I explained about polishing his words, agents, publishers, indie and the like, he replied: For me, I come from an unsupportive family that doesnt take writing as a talent or a valuable art. How can I practice in such conditions? My husband supports me unconditionally, often following me to my appearances. One son out of town reads my work and  gives honest feedback. My sister-in-law in Iowa reads every book within days of release. Other than that, nobody else in my family has read my novels much, and definitely havent read any articles, blogs or other items Ive published. While I thank my lucky stars for the three people I have, I know how that stings when family doesnt care. I told the young man this: At your age, its a matter of being well-read first and foremost, then attempting to write stories from what youve absorbed via those good authors. They are your family right now. You are young. You will be an adult in good time and be able to do what you wish, when you like, but in the meantime, read with a writers eye, seeing what makes for a grand story, great character, and snappy dialogue. Write as you can. And know that successful authors everywhere are in your corner. When family doesnt believe in your writing, you do the following: 1) Join a writers group. Use it like a support group. 2) Read with a writers eye. Nobody puts down reading. 3) Write when you can: lunches, night, early mornings, outside, riding in the car, or while everyone else is watching TV. 4) Relate your interest in writing to your family members interest in something else. I once used my teenagers interest in playing hockey. Ask them how much time and money they invest in their sports, hunting, cars, video games, etc. 5) Carve out time and call it yours. It doesnt have to be called writing time, but you use it as such. Just make sure you capitalize on it and write instead of doing other non-productive things. 6) Refuse to feel guilty about a beloved hob 7) Display how much writing makes you whole . . . and happier. If you act grumpy, you accentuate their opinion. 8) Ask them when theyll give up reading, watching television, going to movies, listening to music, playing online games, because a writer allowed all of those entertainment opportunities to happen. 9) When someone asks when youll do something other than that writing stuff, tell them you adore what you do. Eighty percent of the world hates their job, and you arent one of them.

Free Essays on Hemingways “The Sun Also Rises“

In Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, the narrator, Jake Barnes, describes Robert Cohn, a rich Jew who graduated from Princeton with low self-esteem, an unsuccessful marriage, and a vanished inheritance. Cohn moves to Paris to write a novel and is accompanied by a manipulative woman named Frances. After selling his novel in America, Cohn returns to his former home with an attitude of arrogance and a hunger for excitement, and frequently pesters Jake. The Sun Also Rises documents the people who came to be known as the "Lost Generation," a generation of broken dreams and destroyed naivete emerged from the World War I with an outlook blemished by bitterness and aimlessness. Jake and his companions begin to spend their time drinking and partying away their defeats, exemplifying a generation physically and emotionally wounded from the war. Jake and his acquaintances become disillusioned. The War destroyed the long-established concepts they’d always modeled their lives on- loyalty, honor, and integrity. Without these beliefs, the men and women affected by the war began to rely on irrelevant and escapist activities to fill the void left by the beliefs that had previously given their lives meaning. Their lives become seemingly aimless, without a belief in any solid notion or a psychological or moral purpose. Most of Jake’s friends are alcoholics. To these people, drinking is a way to escape the harshness and reality of the war. It numbs Jake and his friends to a bitter realization that their lives now lack purpose. Hemingway, however, implies that their drunkenness does nothing but exacerbate the psychological and emotional turmoil from which Jake and his companions are already suffering. While Hemingway never actually states that Jake and his friends’ lives are aimless, the concept is alluded to through his illustration of their psychological conditions, which contrast with their surface activities, which fail t... Free Essays on Hemingway's â€Å"The Sun Also Risesâ€Å" Free Essays on Hemingway's â€Å"The Sun Also Risesâ€Å" In Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, the narrator, Jake Barnes, describes Robert Cohn, a rich Jew who graduated from Princeton with low self-esteem, an unsuccessful marriage, and a vanished inheritance. Cohn moves to Paris to write a novel and is accompanied by a manipulative woman named Frances. After selling his novel in America, Cohn returns to his former home with an attitude of arrogance and a hunger for excitement, and frequently pesters Jake. The Sun Also Rises documents the people who came to be known as the "Lost Generation," a generation of broken dreams and destroyed naivete emerged from the World War I with an outlook blemished by bitterness and aimlessness. Jake and his companions begin to spend their time drinking and partying away their defeats, exemplifying a generation physically and emotionally wounded from the war. Jake and his acquaintances become disillusioned. The War destroyed the long-established concepts they’d always modeled their lives on- loyalty, honor, and integrity. Without these beliefs, the men and women affected by the war began to rely on irrelevant and escapist activities to fill the void left by the beliefs that had previously given their lives meaning. Their lives become seemingly aimless, without a belief in any solid notion or a psychological or moral purpose. Most of Jake’s friends are alcoholics. To these people, drinking is a way to escape the harshness and reality of the war. It numbs Jake and his friends to a bitter realization that their lives now lack purpose. Hemingway, however, implies that their drunkenness does nothing but exacerbate the psychological and emotional turmoil from which Jake and his companions are already suffering. While Hemingway never actually states that Jake and his friends’ lives are aimless, the concept is alluded to through his illustration of their psychological conditions, which contrast with their surface activities, which fail t...

Research Paper on Social Commerce Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Social Commerce - Research Paper Example Introduction Social Commerce, falls under the umbrella of electronic commerce with the notable feature of social media or online networks assisting, recommending or supporting the buying and selling of products. The origin of the term social commerce can be traced back to November 2005, where an article at Yahoo! first used the term social commerce to refer to the phenomenon of user ratings, pick lists and user generated content on the internet. Particularly, â€Å"Facebook, Groupon, Pinterest, LivingSocial, Tabjuice, Cafepress, Etsy and others are examples of social commerce websites† (Pearson & Zehr, p. 429). Importance of Social Commerce The entire idea of social commerce aims at harnessing the power of â€Å"word of mouth marketing†. There is much theoretical and empirical evidence about the power of â€Å"word of mouth marketing† and those customers are willing to trust the recommendation of their friend more than the advertising of a product running on prim e time television (Gibbons, p. 27). This is true because, in the past few decades, the number of advertisements and promotions targeted to individual customers have increased individually. Customers do not even notice most of these promotions, let alone buying the products and services based on those promotions (Davies, p. 108). On the other hand, in the recent past, corporations, businesses and their marketers have been accused of deceptive, manipulative, and deceitful techniques to promote their products in their pursuit of profits, something that has led to a widespread distrust on the advertising messages of corporations. A research from Nielsen, conducted in the year 2010, revealed that when purchasing cars over 90 percent of the customers trust the recommendations and advice of their friends. Only 33 percent of the customers appeared to be trusting advertisements and 59 percent of the customers rely on the input from the side of experts. In fact, another study from Wantlet rev ealed that just over 82 percent of the customers seek social input while purchasing goods and services (Pearson & Zehr, p. 429). Consider the fact that according to the statistics of March 2011, over 3.5 million businesses had their pages on facebook and a significant percentage of these businesses had created their business models around facebook, which meant that they did not have any physical presence (Kotler, Armstrong, Wong & Saunders, p. 37). Consider the example of BlendTec, a blend manufacturer, connects with customers using social media. The company maintains a channel on YouTube, with more than 0.5 million subscribers and statistics indicate that its videos have been viewed at least 181 million times. Furthermore, at least 85000 customers on Facebook and 7300 consumers on twitter read the tips and tricks provided by the company (Gibbons, p. 27). The company believes that maintaining a rigorous presence on the social media converts into added sales because it allows dissati sfied customers to find the solutions of their problems and satisfied customers to recommend the products of the company to other friends. In order to account that whether a particular like of facebook converts into sales, the company provides special coupon codes to its customers and then tracks the whereabouts of the redemption of those coupons (Davies, p. 108). Furthermore, the social media and social commerce efforts of the company are

Knowledge Is Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge Is Power - Essay Example From this paper, it is clear that the teachers encouraged us to analyze and critically evaluate topics that will result in the effective incorporation of knowledge in a future career. I work independently, as the classroom environment provided me hands-on experience. This experience provided me opportunities to develop proficiency and skills required to manage tasks/activities. The diversity of topics in this course helped me in building my communication skills. I can communicate effectively as at Flinders, frequent group discussions with classmates and senior colleagues are part of everyday routine. This has helped me boost my confidence and develop skills required to actively participate in discussions as well as conveying my point of view to others. I can work collaboratively because development of my communication skills provided me the confidence to take risks and share my opinions, reasoning, and decisions with my fellows. I value ethical behavior as being at a multicultural un iversity has helped me understand views, social norms and cultural beliefs of others. This had made me value intricacies of several issues. The multicultural experience has enhanced my vision and broadened my spectrum of the world. I connect across the boundaries because studying in a diverse university such as Flinders has provided me the opportunity to share my beliefs and cultural values to fellows. The comfortable environment offers me the opportunity to incorporate my values into the system as well as adapt certain morals and ethics from other parts of the world.

Biochemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biochemistry - Essay Example The conversion of glucose to glycogen, a process of energy storage, is achieved by a number of enzymes, the absence or deficiency of which leads to the GSDs resulting in inborn errors of glycogen metabolism. These disorders arise due to deficiency of enzymes involved in the glyconeogenesis or due to abnormal functioning of the glycogen breakdown enzymes. GSDs are categorized based on the type enzyme deficiency and the tissue affected. The systems involved in glycogen synthesis disorders are the liver and muscle, which are the primary sites of energy storage. GSD Type IV, also known as amylopectinosis, is usually fatal and leads to death by age 4. Some of the clinical symptoms include hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, splenomegaly, cirrhosis and lumbar lordosis. Type IV disorder arises due to deficiency of the glycogen branching enzyme amylo-1,4-1,6 transglucosidase, which leads to the formation of abnormally structured glycogen, having amylase molecules with low solubility, leading to glycogen precipitation in the liver, the heart and other tissues. The condition ultimately leads to early death (Ozen, 2541-53). Type I diabetic patients who are erroneously prescribed too high of an insulin dose in their insulin regimen can present liver disease symptoms similar to those presented in glycogen storage diseases. Explain the biochemical basis for this finding. One of the important functions of insulin is glycogen syn... Insulin regulates the amount of glucose absorbed or released from the cell. The glucose absorbed from the blood is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver. One of the important functions of insulin is glycogen synthesis, brought about by activating the enzyme hexokinase. This in turn, phosphorylates glucose, thus, trapping it within the cell, in the form of energy. Insulin also inhibit the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase, thus helping the hepatocytes to havest excess glucose in the form of glycogen. But, in the absense of insulin, as in case of type 1 diabetes, glucose circulation in the blood increases and the cells fail to harvest it for energy. In the absence of energy the cells activate the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis).Under the conditions of cell starvation triggered by lack of insulin, glucagon, a counter regulatory hormone,is activated, which, again stimulates the process of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, thus releasing energy. When insulin is administered from an outside source, in excess, (eg: injections), insulin activates the formation of glycogen from glucose and inhibition glycogenolysis. Therefore, in presence of excess insulin, there is a surplus production of glycogen, similar to that of glycogen storage disorders. Also, there is inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate, similar to deficiency of the same as in glycogen storage disorders (Bowen). 3.Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonizes the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans and is the causative agent of chronic gastritis, ulcers, and possibly gastric cancer. Knowledge of the intermediary metabolism of this organism would be helpful in developing effective drug

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay Example for Free

The title of the film was Amistad and the film was released in 1997 Essay The title of the film was â€Å"Amistad† and the film was released in 1997 on the territory of the United States of America. The historical period, portrayed in the film, is the year of 1839. It was the year when a terrible rebellion took place on board the Spanish ship La Amistad, which transported salves. It was the time when the slavery was abolished in the North and the South of the United States of America was discontented for they desperately â€Å"needed† slaves to work for them. American courts still decide whether the black person is free according to the place he comes from. The trial over the rebels from La Amistad asks the main question: †Are these rebels slaves or free people? †. The â€Å"free giving† North and the â€Å"enslaving† South were already opposing each other and their relations were rather problematic. The incident became a scandal as it truly reflected the conflict of that time. According to the American laws back then only Africans could be considered free people. The story takes place in the time-gap before the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 till 1865. â€Å"Amistad† is a true story about the slaves that try to go back to their motherland – Sierra Leone. La Amistad† is the name of a Spanish vessel with 53 African slaves on board the ship. The whole story is told be spokesman for the slaves named Joseph Cinque. The film describes the story of a ship approaching the American shore, where trading slaves is illegal. On the way to America the slaves manage to release themselves and kill the whole crew of â€Å"La Amistad† except two crewmembers they leave alive to navigate the vessel. Nevertheless, as they have no idea what direction they need to sail the slaves find themselves near the seaside of New England. The vessel arrested by the coast guards and the rebels get to the court of Connecticut. The Court considers the slaves to be premises and for that reason the lawyer that defends the slaves is a specialist on questions of premises. He is an ambitious young lawyer named Roger Baldwin. The defendants are accused of murder but for them the case is the fight where they have to prove that they are free people and not anyone’s property. Baldwin’s way to defend is very skimpy from the beginning, as he does not seem to feel the problem completely. He does not seem to understand that it goes not about property but about personal freedom of the Amistad slaves in the first place. When Baldwin gets the support of America’s ex-president John Quincy Adams the things change. Adams teaches Baldwin how to feel the case and emotionally deliver it to the court. Adams makes a fifteen-minute speech in Court and put a â€Å"human face on the dispute† showing that the slaves who organized the rebels were free people who were forced to leave their native land, were seized and therefore had to protect themselves just as any other person would have done. Steven Spielberg directed the film and the main motivation of the author was showing that every single person, not depending on the color of skin has the right to be free. In other words each person is born free and nobody can take this freedom away from him. According to Spielberg own words the film tell the viewer about: â€Å"how these Africans are hopelessly caught in the quagmire of the American justice system[1]. This motivation is easily seen through the opposition of the slavery and justice. Spielberg reveals it through a true story to let the spectator understand that this will always remain a problem, even in the contemporary world. The film definitely does give the viewer more insight on the historical period of the 1839, as it in the first places tells about the story was forgotten even by the contemporary African-American representatives [2]. The majority of people do not realize how deep was the problem and the film shows that even twenty years before the Civil War slavery prospered and black Africans did not have many opportunities to defend themselves. It reflects the system of justice of those days where a person that could not speak English was put in Court without even realizing what was going on and without any possibility to explain anything or provide a disclaimer. The valued and the attitudes of the period which is portrayed in the film are primitive – a salve is someone’s property and should be treated as a property. Trial over a slave was a trial where the judge needed to decide â€Å"Whom does this â€Å"thing† belongs to†. The film also reflects the values of the time it was made in. In the first place it is still the problem of racism that is raised even nowadays. It shows the roots, the reasons of the insult that has drawn an invisible line between white and black people. Another attitude seem in the film is the attitude towards court. What the movie says is that the Court has to be independent from anything. As true justice cannot be bought every person needs to be sure that if he not guilty– he will never be convicted. The film is made in accordance with the values of that time; nevertheless the â€Å"waft† of present-day values is rather observable in it. For instance the fat that the defendants were in chains inside the courtroom seem to reflect that a person is not guilty until proved to be innocent and but on the contrary innocent, until proved to be guilty. The characters are not more important than the event, but they harmoniously fit into it. For instance the character of Anthony Hopkins John Quincy Adams shows that the most important thing is to see the human face of the situation, to feel the situation, to emotionally outlive the suffering of other people. This is something that the event itself does not say. It is a human interpretation of the situation and this makes the personage of John Quincy Adams very important to the film, but hardly more important than the La Amistad rebel and the subsequent court. Conclusion: The interpretation of the main characters relates to the most prominent value of the American nation – freedom. This outstanding value is immortal and is something that unites the values of both of the times. The film’s ideology is clear: no human being can be a property of another person; nothing can be called just until it depends on any factors except objectivity; each human being is free from the very moment he was born to the world. Each person can choose and not to be dictated what to do or say. People have the power to choose for themselves and express their will – in other words no discrimination can be made based on the racial differences. The film is a satisfactory historical source. It actually shares the whole story, which is unknown to the majority of the audience, including African-Americans. The strength is that it showed everything very realistic, especially the recollections of the slave, giving the audience the idea of what these people experienced being slaves. The weakness is that it is maybe a little too much concentrated on the characters, than on the event itself. Some things are ignored such as the reaction of public or what in fact people did think about the whole deal. This film can definitely an additional source to study American History, but should not be the only one.

Main Sources Of Resistance To Organizational Change Management Essay

Main Sources Of Resistance To Organizational Change Management Essay Change is inevitable for modern organizations and increasing rapidly in the world due to internal and external triggers (Refer to Appendix 1) (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). For survival, organizations must be able to anticipate change and keep reconfiguring themselves as it is critical determinant for their success although it has difficulty and challenges. Organizations that wait for an overwhelming mandate to engage in change efforts are very likely to be left behind and may struggle to survive (Lawler and Worley, 2009). For example, Nokia has already been through one successful change; turning itself from an unfocused conglomerate into a focused mobile phone producer in the 1990s. But, lack of accountability, poor leadership and complacency those came from mobile phone success has caused less competitive in the market due to customer transition from mobile phone to smart-phone (Riley, 2012). According to Nauss (1999), Jacques Nasser, Ford Motors CEO also argued that any business that is satisfied with the present state of affairs is deluding itself. Sitting still or moving at a snails pace is effectively moving backward. Organizational change must be based on intention and goal-oriented and come from within the organization to be effective (See Figure 1 and 2) according Cumming and Worley (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, 2001).It also need very careful assessment of individual and organizational capacity for change since they are potential resistance to change. In this report, we will first discuss various causes for resistance to change from those who affected positively or negatively using Arthur Bedeians four common causes for resistance to change, Kotter and Schlesingers six practical techniques to overcome these resistances and Kurt Lewins 3 phase change management model. 2.0 Resistance to Organization Change Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) define resistance to change is unwillingness or an inability to accept or discuss changes that are perceived to be damaging or threatening to individual. Carr et al also claim that its significance can be measured by those affected perceive and react to it (Salawu, 2011). As a result, change efforts are often found resisted by individuals and groups overtly and covertly due to their negative perceptions to some extent. Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (2001) suggest a variety of sources of resistance in Figure 3 (Detail in Appendix 2). To overcome resistance to change, managers and employees must understand its reasons and sources. Arthur Bedeian cites four common causes for resistance to change (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). 2.1 Parochial self interest Individuals are so comfort and content with their current situation and they fear that any change in organization may threaten their vested interests. It is one of major reason that people resist organizational change. According to Desler (2004), there are 4 types of organizational change: its strategy, technology, structure and employees. Structural change requires reorganizing organizational chart involving replacing, dismissing or adding personnel (Salawu, 2011). When this situation comes, employees fear to lose their existing positions. E.g. Current Burmese government involves liberal and conservative. Reorganization needs for democratic change process. It is good and can improve the status of its people, but most conservatives fear reorganization as they think that it is a threat to their status quo and interests. For these reasons, Burmas change processes encounter resistance longer time than desired and resulted as a poor country. 2.2 Misunderstanding and lack of trust Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest lack of understanding the reasons and consequences can create resistance to change because it might cost them more than what they will gain. Such misunderstandings most likely occur where there is lack of trust between manager and employees. My former Singapore based Japanese construction announced to his managers an implementation of a flexible 5 days work for all site staffs. No managers resisted because they were introduced the concept of that change in management meeting. Shortly after circulating announcement, various resistances arise from site staffs who do not understand and trust the meaning of flexible working days. One rumor is that they might need to work extra hours in the evening. They were not satisfied with management decision at the beginning. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1997), only few organizations have a high level of trust between employees and managers. So, it is easy to develop misunderstandings when organizational change is introduced. If managers do not clarify them in time, this can lead to resistance. 2.3 Contradictory assessments Another reason people resist to change is evaluation of costs and benefits differently. According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010), it is the result of poor communication and inadequate information that causes contradictory assessments. But such resistance to change may lead to constructive criticism and improved proposals to achieve better outcomes since people have different perceptions and knowledge. E.g. My previous project director of Construction Company was shocked by his design team members who made value engineering of structural column. Although this value engineering can achieve design requirement while saving cost, he thought that it can damage the companys reputation. So he didnt allow the design proposal submission to owners consultant. He had reorganized the design team immediately that caused resistance from the people involved. As a result, company lost two good designers and crippled the design team. Different people have different skills and knowledge that may lead to resistance. For the above case, design team has more skill and knowledge than director. And resistance resulted from reorganization will be good for companys future. Low tolerance for change Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest that people respond to change and uncertainty in different ways. Some are more readily to accept and adapt to changes. Others may have a low tolerance to adapt to changes since they have different abilities compared to others. Drucker (2010) also argue that the managers are the major obstacle for organizational growth since they are unable to change their attitude and behavior rapidly to meet organizational requirement. It is the result of peoples limited tolerance that lead to oppose potential beneficial changes even they know that it is positive change. E.g. an engineer in my former construction company received a significant promotion due to expansion. New position required new skill set, relationships as well as loss of some satisfactory current situation. It made him uneasy to give up certain aspects of current situation and resist changing since his tolerance for change was low and he did not understand wisely the reason of change. 3.0 Overcoming Resistance Many managers underestimate not only the variety of ways people can react to organizational change, but also the ways they can positively influence specific individuals and groups during change ( Kotter and Schlesinger, 1997, p-454). E.g. Singapore construction industry has been unable to achieve better productivity due to past experience of managers who dont understand advantages and disadvantages of the methods which they are familiar. So, organizational change becomes managements responsibility. And coping resistance resulted from organizational change becomes the haunting question for todays manager because it determine the success or failure of organization (Martin, 1975). Kotter and Schlesinger identify six practical techniques for managing and overcoming resistance (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010): 3.1 Education and Communication Education is one of most common way that communicates ideas to reconcile opposing views. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) discuss that this program can be ideal when resistance is based on inadequate or inaccurate information and analysis especially if the initiators need the resistors help in change implementation. Afferson, M. (2010) argue that this program requires face to face communication to discuss sensitive issues since email or written notices are very weak at conveying and developing understanding. E.g. former Philips CEO, Timmer used this program to explain the future of Philips to his employees. As a result, its operating income has increased (Strebel, 1998). Moreover, Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) also highlight requirement of mutual trust to overcome misunderstanding. 3.2 Participation and involvement According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010), it can reduce opposition and lead to employees wholehearted commitment if the managers who initiate this program address to their concerns. And it will provide employees a sense of belonging to successful implementing of change. E.g. Coch and French (1948) experimented to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of participation to overcome resistance to change involving: introducing by managers to employees, employees representative participation and all employees involvement. Based on their experiment, all employees involvement was the best for overcoming resistance. But Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) also highlighted that it is time consuming and will be useful if employees skill and knowledge has ability to cope the changes. 3.3 Facilitation and support Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) suggest facilitation and support can overcome resistance when it is caused by fear or anxiety. Such approaches include new trainings or simply listening or emotional support. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), one rapidly growing electronics company devised this program for its employees to adapt frequent organizational changes. They employed four counselors to spent most of their time in talking, listening, educating and training to employees. 3.4 Negotiation and agreement It is another way to deal with powerful individuals or groups who create major resistance such as offering incentives to facilitate changes (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). But they also alerted that it may become expensive for change and take more time to negotiate. E.g. Former Burmese military general have strong power to resist political reform in Burma. Current government has to negotiate with them to reach an agreement for successful change such as protecting their interests. 3.5 Manipulation and co-optation It involves covert attempts to sidestep potential resistance. Management puts forward proposals that appeal to the specific interests of key stakeholders. This information is selective, emphasizing benefits and playing down disadvantages. Co-optation involves giving key resistors direct access to the decision-making process, perhaps giving them well-paid, high-status management positions (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p-573). E.g. A local manager in my former Japanese Construction Company invited Japanese manager to analyze one missing item in the design. Due to busy schedule, he was unable to do proper analysis. It limited his influence on the analysis. But his commitment was subsequently very important during discussing with Japanese director. Generally, he did not like someone trying to make changes. After discussion with Japanese manager, he did not try to block the change. 3.6 Implicit and explicit coercion Although many researchers advocate supportive approaches to overcome resistances, managers have to deal with resistance coercively such as firing or transferring to facilitate change. Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) discuss such situations as where the target group is profound disagreement, has little chance of shifting their ground, and the speed is essential for survival. But Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) argued that using coercion is risky because people will resent forced change inevitably. 4.0 Conclusion Strong resistance to change may root deeply in some organizations, but change has become inevitable for todays modern organizations in fast changing business environment for survival. In Figure 1, effective change management program should be implemented properly by the managers who understand the firms culture to facilitate the change process while protecting the interests of affected person. In this report, we applied Kotter and Schlesingers approaches to manage change. Since these approaches have their limitation, they may not be likely to be effective under all conditions and circumstances. There are many prescriptive models or approaches for successful change. In reality, appropriate approaches can be implemented based on the primary cause of resistance. So, manager may need to combine various techniques to manage organizational change. Finally, we would like to suggest Kurt Lewins 3 phase change management model: unfreezing, moving and refreezing because present approaches or technology may be unsuitable in future. We can learn from the failure and success of Nokia and Apple. Apple was able to unfreeze the old technology or mind set that are outdated, develop new process and technology to move on from the old ways of doing things to the new and refreeze again when all seem okay. And they start Lewins process again since refreezing stage may be temporary in future (see figure 4) where Nokia didnt.